Industrial output (%, y/y)
—
ResilientStressedFragileFailing
Model notes
Weights are illustrative. Oil revenue loss and sanctions drive most movement; shadow fleet blunts oil sanctions;
rail tracks real activity; buffers and repression slow the slide. Defence spending is anchored to a
7.2% of GDP baseline. Moving above it now has a modest additional effect (shorter runway, slightly weaker GDP,
slightly higher CPI, minor drag on industry) to avoid double-counting with sanctions and oil shocks.